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Help the beneficials, the front-line workers of the garden


Give 'em what they like! A lady beetle hangs out on a stonecrop plant at the Fair Oaks Horticulture Center last fall. (Photos: Kathy Morrison)

Growing plants they favor will encourage them to stick around



Want some free pest-fighting help in the vegetable garden this summer? Nearby or among the vegetables, grow plants to encourage and feed beneficials -- the "good bugs" that fight the bad ones.

The most well-known beneficial is the lady beetle (ladybug), who famously dines on aphids, but she has plenty of other buddies in the garden that are predators or parasites of nasty, plant-destroying pests. Other "good bugs" include green lacewings, hoverflies, tachinid flies, braconid and other parasitic mini wasps, minute pirate bugs, damsel bugs and big eyed bugs.

A lot of these good guys are teeny, and don't have the lady beetle's showy coloring, so you may not notice them. But they are hard-working and important in the garden. And they need food and water, too.

Incidentally, this is a different kind of list than you usually see for pollinators, although some of these plants appeal to bees and butterflies, too. When choosing plants for beneficials, ones with small flowers are preferable to those with large single flowers. Small insects may actually drown in a big bloom's abundant nectar.

Two important notes:

1) Do not use broad-spectrum insecticides in the garden if you expect these bugs to help you out. Who hires a work crew and then poisons them?

Sweet alyssum is easy to find and grow for beneficials.
2) Choose species that aren’t difficult to control as weeds when the seeds spread into garden. And avoid plants that support insects, nematodes or pathogens that can be problems for your crop plants. As an example, alfalfa, which is recommended as a plant for beneficials, should not be grown near tomatoes. And tansy, another popular plant for beneficials, is poisonous to humans.

So here are some suggestions for each part of the vegetable-growing season:

Early (mid spring to early summer):
The cilantro's starting to bolt -- so let it.

Sweet alyssum -- Lobularia maritima. This easy-to-find bedding plant attracts parasitic mini-wasps and hoverflies.

"Basket of Gold" alyssum  -- Aurinium saxatiles . Lady beetles like this low-water perennial, which naturalizes.

Thyme -- Thymus vulgaris . This is one of many herbs you'll see on this list. Good for sunny, dry soils. It's important to let some of it bloom -- that's what the beneficials are after.

Borage -- Borago officinalis. This tough little herb has blue flowers and blooms all season.

Cilantro -- Coriandrum sativum. This herb drives Sacramento-area gardeners nuts, because it bolts (flowers) as soon as the weather warms. Well, here's a reason to let it bloom.  Lacewings, hoverflies and lady beetles all like this.

Lacy phacelia -- Phacelia tanicetifolia. This California native, with blue-purple flowers and lacy foliage, is one of my favorites. Tachinid flies and hoverflies are attracted to it, as are butterflies and bees.

Midseason (late spring to mid summer):

Basil -- Ocimum basilicum . You're probably already growing this herb for pesto or margarita pizza. Dedicate some of the plants to the insects by letting them flower. Some of the purple basil varieties are especially good for this. And if you can find African blue basil, grab it: It's great insect magnet.

Caraway -- Carum carvi . Another herb, this has a large insect fan base: Hoverflies, lacewing, parasitic mini-wasps, minute pirate bugs, damsel bugs and big eyed bugs.

Lacy phacelia is a gorgeous addition to the spring garden.
Common yarrow -- Achillea millefolium . California native and drought tolerant, it blooms into the late season. Attracts lady beetles. Also fern-leaf yarrow ( A. filipendulina ), which draws lacewings and lady beetles. There are many cultivars of yarrow.

Cosmos -- Cosmos bipinnatus . This popular annual flower blooms June to frost. “White Sensation” attracts parasitic mini-wasps, hoverflies, lacewing, minute pirate bugs, damsel bugs and big eyed bugs.

Dill -- Anethum graveolens. This herb often gets planted near tomatoes. It bolts in hot weather, so let it, and feed lacewings, parasitic mini-wasps and lady beetles.

Sedum -- Hylotelephium spectabile. Stonecrop is good for dry spots, drought- and cold-tolerant, and blooms into fall. The small blooms attract hoverflies, lady beetles, butterflies and hummingbirds.

Late season (midsummer to early fall):

Buckwheat -- Fagopyrum esculentum, It's drought-tolerant and good in any soil. Tachinid flies, lady beetles and hoverflies all like its flowers. Look also for Eriogonum fasciculatum 'Warriner Lytle,' a buckwheat that's one of the 10 Rising Stars at the UC Davis Arboretum.

Coyote brush -- Baccharis pilularis . A California native, this tough little perennial blooms with white or yellow flowers in fall and winter.

Fennel -- Foeniculum vulgare . A perennial herb and member of the carrot family, it's usually grown for the bulb and feathery leaves. The flowers attract a host of good guys: lady beetles, minute pirate bugs, damsel bugs and big eyed bugs.

Goldenrod -- Solidago virgaurea . Gorgeous late-flowering plants, such as Peter Pan goldenrod, bring in hoverflies, minute pirate bugs, damsel bugs and big eyed bugs.

Prairie sunflower -- Helianthus maximilianii . Late-season bloomers can be tougher to find. This tall perennial is a good one: It grows well in average soil, and attracts lacewings and lady beetles.

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Garden checklist for week of April 19

After this midweek storm, start getting serious about spring gardening. Flowers are blooming about three weeks ahead of schedule. That includes weeds!

* Get ready to swing into action in the vegetable garden – if you haven’t already. As nights warm up over 50 degrees, set out tomato, pepper and eggplant transplants.

* From seed, plant beans, beets, cantaloupes, carrots, corn, cucumbers, melons,  radishes and squash; wait on pumpkins until May. Plant onion sets.

* In the flower garden, plant seeds for asters, cosmos, celosia, marigolds, salvia, sunflowers and zinnias. Transplant petunias, zinnias, geraniums and other summer bloomers.

* Plant perennials and dahlia tubers for summer bloom. Late April is about the last chance to plant summer bulbs, such as gladiolus and tuberous begonias.

* Transplant lettuce and cabbage seedlings.

* April is the last chance to plant citrus trees such as dwarf orange, lemon and kumquat. These trees also look good in landscaping and provide fresh fruit in winter.

* Smell orange blossoms? Give citrus trees a low dose of balanced fertilizer (such as 10-10-10) during bloom to help set fruit. Keep an eye out for ants. If leaves look yellow, your tree may need an iron boost -- apply some chelated iron fertilizer.

* Apply slow-release fertilizer to the lawn.

* Thoroughly clean debris from the bottom of outdoor ponds or fountains.

* Spring brings a flush of rapid growth, and that means your garden needs nutrition. Give shrubs and trees a slow-release fertilizer. Mulch with a 1-inch layer of compost, which helps the soil, but keep it a few inches away from trunks and stems.

* Azaleas and camellias looking a little yellow? If leaves are turning yellow between the veins, give them a boost with chelated iron.

* Trim dead flowers but not leaves from spring-flowering bulbs such as daffodils and tulips. Those leaves gather energy to create next year's flowers. Also, give the bulbs a fertilizer boost after bloom.

* Pinch chrysanthemums back to 12 inches for fall flowers. Cut old stems to the ground.

* Mulch around plants to conserve moisture and control weeds.

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Food in My Back Yard (FIMBY) Series

Lessons learned during a year of edible gardening

WINTER

Is edible gardening possible indoors?

Hints for choosing tomato seeds

Starting in seed starting

Why winter is the perfect time to plant fruit trees

When to plant? Consider staggering your transplants

How to squeeze more food into less space

Potatoes from the garden

Plant a fruit tree now -- for later

Win the weed war by tackling them in winter

Tips for planting bare-root trees, shrubs and vegetables

Time to give vegetable seedlings some more space

Ways to win the fight against weeds

FALL

Dec. 16: Add asparagus to your edible garden

Dec. 9: Soggy soil and what to do about it

Dec. 2: Plant artichokes now; enjoy for years to come

Nov. 25: It's late November, and your peach tree needs spraying

Nov. 18: What to do with all those fallen leaves?

Nov. 11: Prepare now for colder weather in the edible garden

Nov. 4: Plant a pea patch for you and your garden

Oct. 27: As citrus season begins, advice for backyard growers

Oct. 20: Change is in the autumn air 

Oct. 13: We don't talk (enough) about beets

Oct. 6: Fava beans do double duty

Sept. 30: Seeds or transplants for cool-season veggies?

Sept. 23: How to prolong the fall tomato harvest 

SUMMER

Sept. 16: Time to shut it down? 

Sept. 9: How to get the most out of your pumpkin patch

Sept. 2: Summer-to-fall transition time for evaluation, planning

Aug. 26: To pick or not to pick those tomatoes?

Aug. 19: Put worms to work for you

Aug. 12: Grow food while saving water

Aug. 5: Enhance your food with edible flowers

July 29: Why won't my tomatoes turn red?

July 22: A squash plant has mosaic virus, and it's not pretty

July 15: Does this plant need water?

July 8: Tear out that sad plant or baby it? Midsummer decisions

July 1: How to grow summer salad greens

June 24:  Weird stuff that's perfectly normal

SPRING

June 17: Help pollinators help your garden

June 10: Battling early-season tomato pests

June 3: Make your own compost

May 27: Where are the bees when you need them?

May 20: How to help tomatoes thrive on hot days

May 13: Your plants can tell you more than any calendar can

May 6: Maintain soil moisture with mulch for garden success

April 29: What's (already) wrong with my tomato plants?

April 22: Should you stock up on fertilizer? (Yes!)

April 15: Grow culinary herbs in containers

April 8: When to plant summer vegetables

April 1: Don't be fooled by these garden myths

March 25: Fertilizer tips: How to 'feed' your vegetables for healthy growth